Pulmonary hypertension: modern methods of treatment and ways of their long-term development.
Authors
-
Anna V. Zagrebelnaya
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5647-6000
-
Liliya V. Korokina
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-1564
-
Tatyana N. Malorodova
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-2577
-
Olesya V. Shcheblykina
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-9835
-
Tatyana V. Avtina
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0509-5996
-
Anton А. Bolgov
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9708-8181
-
Elena S. Malyutina
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5626-2460
- Vladislav I. Simonov Belgorod State National Research University
- Vladislav A. Travkin Gubkinskaya central district hospital
-
Artem А. Dmitriev
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5844-4737
-
Amonullo A. Aripov
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3811-1322
-
Dmitry V. Shcheblykin
Belgorod State National Research University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2420-2243
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18413/rrpharmacology.9.10026Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this work is to review the main pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of PH, as well as modern established methods of treatment of various types of PH and to consider new, most relevant and promising possibilities of therapy for this pathology.
Etiology, pathogenesis and epidemiology: In the modern structure of diseases, pulmonary hypertension plays a significant role, affecting about 1% of the population. However, each of its five main groups has its own characteristics. The causes of pulmonary hypertension can be a polyetiological violation of the processes of endotheliocyte apoptosis and angiogenesis, passive transmission of increased pressure from the left heart to the small circulatory system, chronic hypoxia, leading to vascular remodeling, and many others. In general, it is worth noting that, despite the multiplicity of etiological factors, the main pathogenetic link in the development of pulmonary hypertension is endothelial dysfunction.
Treatment and promising areas of research: This article discusses the main established approaches to the treatment of pulmonary hypertension: general recommendations for patients, drugs used as supportive nonspecific therapy, as well as specific conservative and radical methods of treatment. In addition, the main modern directions of scientific research in the field of treatment of pulmonary hypertension are described. Such promising methods as the use of stem cells, gene therapy and epigenetic drugs are considered.
Conclusion: Despite active research and many different drugs intended for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, this pathological condition remains an urgent health problem. Thus, the search for new points of application of therapy and fundamentally new methods of treatment of pulmonary hypertension remains relevant to this day.
Graphical Abstract
Keywords:
pulmonary hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, treatment methodsReferences
Adir Y, Humbert M, Chaouat A (2021) Sleep-related breathing disorders and pulmonary hypertension. The European Respiratory Journal 57(1): 2002258. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02258-2020 [PubMed]
Aguero J, Ishikawa K, Hadri L, Santos-Gallego CG, Fish KM, Kohlbrenner E, Hammoudi N, Kho C, Lee A, IbáñezB, García-Alvarez A, Zsebo K, Maron BA, Plataki M, Fuster V, Leopold JA, Hajjar RJ (2016) Intratracheal gene delivery of SERCA2a ameliorates chronic post-capillary pulmonary hypertension: A large animal model. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 67(17): 2032–2046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.049 [PubMed]
Alison MR, Poulsom R, Forbes S, Wright NA (2002) An introduction to stem cells. The Journal of Pathology 197(4): 419–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1187 [PubMed]
Archer SL, Marsboom G, Kim GH, Zhang HJ, Toth PT, Svensson EC, Dyck JR, Gomberg-Maitland M, Thebaud B, Husain AN, Cipriani N, Rehman J (2010) Epigenetic attenuation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a basis for excessive cell proliferation and a new therapeutic target. Circulation 121(24): 2661–2671. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.916098 [PubMed] [PMC]
Astorga CR, González-Candia A, Candia AA, Figueroa EG, Cañas D, Ebensperger G, Reyes RV, Llanos AJ, Herrera EA (2018) Melatonin decreases pulmonary vascular remodeling and oxygen sensitivity in pulmonary hypertensive newborn lambs. Frontiers in Physiology 9: 185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00185 [PubMed]
Austin ED, Loyd JE (2014) The genetics of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation Research 115(1): 189–202. https://doi.org/0.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.303404 [PubMed] [PMC]
Badesch DB, Raskob GE, Elliott CG, Krichman AM, Farber HW, Frost AE, Barst RJ, Benza RL, Liou TG, Turner M, Giles S, Feldkircher K, Miller DP, McGoon MD (2010) Pulmonary arterial hypertension: baseline characteristics from the REVEAL Registry. Chest 137(2): 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-1140 [PubMed]
Baliga RS, MacAllister RJ, Hobbs AJ (2011) New perspectives for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. British Journal of Pharmacology 163(1): 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01164.x [PubMed] [PMC]
Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, Long WA, McGoon MD, Rich S, Badesch DB, Groves BM, Tapson VF, Bourge RC, Brundage BH, Koerner SK, Langleben D, Keller CA, Murali S, Uretsky BF, Clayton LM, Jöbsis MM, Blackburn SD, Shortino D, Crow JW, Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group (1996) A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. The New England Journal of Medicine 334(5): 296–301. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199602013340504 [PubMed]
Benza RL, Miller DP, Gomberg-Maitland M, Frantz RP, Foreman AJ, Coffey CS, Frost A, Barst RJ, Badesch DB, Elliott CG, Liou TG, McGoon MD (2010) Predicting survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the registry to evaluate early and long-term pulmonary arterial hypertension disease management (REVEAL). Circulation 122(2): 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.109.898122 [PubMed]
Bisserier M, Janostiak R, Lezoualc’h F, Hadri L (2020) Targeting epigenetic mechanisms as an emerging therapeutic strategy in pulmonary hypertension disease. Vascular Biology 2(1): R17–R34. https://doi.org/10.1530/vb-19-0030[PubMed] [PMC]
Bisserier M, Katz MG, Bueno-Beti C, Brojakowska A, Zhang S, Gubara S, Kohlbrenner E, Fazal S, Fargnoli A, Dorfmuller P, Humbert M, Hata A, Goukassian DA, Sassi Y, Hadri L (2021) Combination therapy with STAT3 inhibitor enhances SERCA2a-induced BMPR2 expression and inhibits pulmonary arterial hypertension. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(17): 9105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179105 [PubMed]
Bivalacqua TJ, Hyman AL, Kadowitz PJ, Paolocci N, Kass DA, Champion H C (2002) Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in the mouse: Influence of gene transfer in vivo. Regulatory Peptides 108: 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00100-3 [PubMed]
Boucherat O, Provencher S, Bonnet S (2018) Therapeutic value of ASK1 inhibition in pulmonary arterial hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 197(3): 284–286. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201708-1767ED [PubMed]
Budas GR, Boehm M, Kojonazarov B, Viswanathan G, Tian X, Veeroju S, Novoyatleva T, Grimminger F, Hinojosa-Kirschenbaum F, Ghofrani HA (2018) ASK1 inhibition halts disease progression in preclinical models of pulmonary arterial hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 197(3): 373–385. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201703-0502OC [PubMed]
Chan L, Chin LMK, Kennedy M, Woolstenhulme JG, Nathan SD, Weinstein AA, Connors G, Weir NA, Drinkard B, Lamberti J, Keyser RE, (2013) Benefits of intensive treadmill exercise training on cardiorespiratory function and quality of life in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Chest 143(2): 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-0993[PubMed] [PMC]
Chazova IE, Arkhipova OA, Martynyuk TV (2019) Pulmonary arterial hypertension in Russia: six-year observation analysis of the National Registry. Therapeutic Archive 91(1): 24–31. https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2019.01.000024 [PubMed]
Chen SL, Zhang FF, Xu J, Xie DJ, Zhou L, Nguyen T, Stone GW (2013) Pulmonary artery denervation to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension: the single-center, prospective, first-in-man PADN-1 study (first-in-man pulmonary artery denervation for treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 62(12): 1092–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.075 [PubMed]
Cheng X, Wang Y, Du L (2019) Epigenetic modulation in the initiation and progression of pulmonary hypertension. Hypertension 74(4): 733–739. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13458 [PubMed]
Cho YK, Eom GH, Kee HJ, Kim HS, Choi WY, Nam KI, Ma JS, Kook H (2010) Sodium valproate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, but not captopril, prevents right ventricular hypertrophy in rats. Circulation Journal 74(4): 760–770. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-09-0580 [PubMed]
Clozel M, Maresta A, Humbert M (2013) Endothelin receptor antagonists. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 218: 199–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38664-0_9 [PubMed]
Condliffe R, Kiely DG (2017) Critical care management of pulmonary hypertension. BJA Education 17(7): 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaed/mkw074
Crovetto DM, Charterina SA, Lopez-Guarch CJ, Vilalta MP, Núñez MP, Gafas AP, Subías PE (2016) Multidetector computed tomography shows reverse cardiac remodeling after double lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension. Radiologia 58(4): 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2016.04.005 [PubMed]
de Man FS, Handoko ML, Groepenhoff H, van ‘t Hul AJ, Abbink J, Koppers RJ, Grotjohan HP, Twisk JWR, Bogaard H-J, Boonstra A, Postmus PE, Westerhof N, van der Laarse W J, Vonk-Noordegraaf A (2009) Effects of exercise training in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The European Respiratory Journal 34(3): 669–675. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00027909 [PubMed]
de Mendonca L, Felix NS, Blanco NG, Da Silva JS, Ferreira TP, Abreu SC, Cruz FF, Rocha N, Silva PM, Martins V, Capelozzi VL, Zapata-Sudo G, Rocco PRM, Silva PL (2017) Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy reduces lung inflammation and vascular remodeling and improves hemodynamics in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 8(1): 220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0669-0 [PubMed] [PMC]
Dunkern TR, Hatzelmann A (2005) The effect of sildenafil on human platelet secretory function is controlled by a complex interplay between phosphodiesterases 2, 3 and 5. Cellular Signalling 17(3): 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.07.007 [PubMed]
Ehlken N, Lichtblau M, Klose H, Weidenhammer J, Fischer C, Nechwatal R, Uiker S, Halank M, Olsson K, Seeger W, Gall H, Rosenkranz S, Wilkens H, Mertens D, Seyfarth HJ, Opitz C, Ulrich S, Egenlauf B, Grünig E (2016) Exercise training improves peak oxygen consumption and haemodynamics in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and inoperable chronic thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. European Heart Journal 37(1): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv337 [PubMed] [PMC]
Feng, W, Hu, Y, An N, Feng Z, Liu J, Mou J, Hu T, Guan H, Zhang D, Mao Y (2020) Alginate oligosaccharide alleviates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension via anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation pathways in rats. International Heart Journal 61(1): 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.19-096 [PubMed]
Fessel JP, Loyd JE, Austin ED (2011) The genetics of pulmonary arterial hypertension in the post-BMPR2 era. Pulmonary Circulation 1(3): 305–319. https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-8932.87293 [PubMed] [PMC]
Foster WS, Suen CM, Stewart DJ (2014) Regenerative cell and tissue-based therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 30(11): 1350–1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.022[PubMed]
Foster WS, Suen CM, Stewart DJ (2014) Regenerative cell and tissue-based therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 30(11): 1350–1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.022[PubMed]
Foudi N, Kotelevets L, Louedec L, Leséche G, Henin D, Chastre E, Norel X (2008) Vasorelaxation induced by prostaglandin E2 in human pulmonary vein: role of the EP4 receptor subtype. British Journal of Pharmacology 154: 1631–1639. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.214 [PubMed] [PMC]
Francis SH, Turko IV, Corbin JD (2001) Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: relating structure and function. Progress in Nucleic acid Research and Molecular Biology 65: 1–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6603(00)65001-8[PubMed]
Galie N, Barbera JA, Frost AE, Ghofrani HA, Hoeper MM, McLaughlin VV, Peacock AJ, Simonneau G, Vachiery JV, Grünig E, Oudiz RJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, White RJ, Blair C, Gillies H, Miller KL, Harris JH, Langley J, Rubin LJ,AMBITION Investigators (2015) Initial use of ambrisentan plus tadalafil in pulmonary arterial hypertension. The New England Journal of Medicine 373(9): 834–844. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1413687 [PubMed]
Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MА, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LА, Trindade PТ, Zompatori M, Hoeper M, ESC Scientific Document Group (2016) 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). European Heart Journal 37(1): 67–119. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317 [PubMed]
Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LA, Trindade PT, Zompatori M, Hoeper M (2015) 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). The European Respiratory Journal 46(4): 903–975. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01032-2015[PubMed]
Galiè N, Olschewski H, Oudiz RJ, Torres F, Frost A, Ghofrani HA, Badesch DB, McGoon MD, McLaughlin VV, Roecker EB, Gerber MJ, Dufton C, Wiens BL, Rubin LJ, Ambrisentan in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Efficacy Studies (ARIES) Group (2008) Ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: results of the ambrisentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, efficacy (ARIES) study 1 and 2. Circulation 117(23):3010–3019. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.742510 [PubMed]
Genecand L, Wacker J, Beghetti M, Lador F (2021) Selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 15(5): 583–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2021.1866990 [PubMed]
Ghofrani HA, Galiè N, Grimminger F, Grünig E, Humbert M, Jing ZC, Keogh AM, Langleben D, Kilama MO, FritschA, Neuser D, Rubin LJ, PATENT-1 Study Group (2013) Riociguat for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension The New England journal of medicine 369(4): 330–340. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1209655[PubMed]
Ghofrani HA, Humbert M, Langleben D, Schermuly R, Stasch JP, Wilkins MR, Klinger JR (2016) Riociguat: Mode of action and clinical development in pulmonary hypertension. Chest 151(2): 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.05.024 [PubMed]
Goncharova NS, Simakova MA, Moiseeva OM (2019) Antithrombotic therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arterial Hypertension 25(1): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.18705/1607-419X-2019-25-1-25-33
Gonzalez-Candia A, Veliz M, Carrasco-Pozo C, Castillo RL, Cárdenas JC, Ebensperger G, Reyes RV, Llanos AJ, Herrera EA (2019) Antenatal melatonin modulates an enhanced antioxidant/pro-oxidant ratio in pulmonary hypertensive newborn sheep. Redox Biology 22: 101128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2019.101128 [PubMed] [PMC]
Granton J, Langleben D, Kutryk MB, Camack N, Galipeau J, Courtman DW, Stewart DJ (2015) Endothelial NO-synthase gene-enhanced progenitor cell therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: The PHACeT trial. Circulation Research 117(7): 645–654. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.305951 [PubMed]
Grünig E, Benjamin N, Krüger U, Kaemmerer H, Harutyunova S, Olsson, KM, Klose H (2018) General measures and supportive therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: Updated recommendations from the Cologne Consensus Conference 2018. International Journal of Cardiology 272S: 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.08.085[PubMed]
Grünig E, Eichstaedt C, Barberà JA, Benjamin N, Blanco I, Bossone E, Cittadini A, Coghlan G, Corris P, D'Alto M, D'Andrea A, Delcroix M, de Man F, Gaine S, Ghio S, Gibbs S, Gumbiene L, Howard LS, Johnson M, Jurevičienė E, Peacock AJ (2019) ERS statement on exercise training and rehabilitation in patients with severe chronic pulmonary hypertension. The European Respiratory Journal 53(2): 1800332. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00332-2018[PubMed]
Grunig E, MacKenzie A, Peacock AJ, Eichstaedt CA, Benjamin N, Nechwatal R, Ulrich S, Saxer S, Bussotti M, Sommaruga M, Ghio S, Gumbiene L, Palevičiūtė E, Jurevičienė E, Cittadini A, Stanziola AA, Marra AM, Kovacs G, Olschewski H, Barberà A, Johnson M (2021) Standardized exercise training is feasible, safe, and effective in pulmonary arterial and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from a large European multicentre randomized controlled trial. European Heart Journal 42(23): 2284–2295. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa696[PubMed]
Gubrij IB, Martin SR, Pangle AK, Kurten R, Johnson LG (2014) Attenuation of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension by luminal adeno-associated virus serotype 9 gene transfer of prostacyclin synthase. Human Gene Therapy 25(6): 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2013.187 [PubMed]
Gudmundsdóttir IJ, McRobbie SJ, Robinson SD, Newby DE, Megson IL (2005) Sildenafil potentiates nitric oxide mediated inhibition of human platelet aggregation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 337(1): 382–385 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.060 [PubMed]
Hadri L, Kratlian RG, Benard L, Maron BA, Dorfmüller P, Ladage D, Guignabert C, Ishikawa K, Aguero J, Ibanez B, Turnbull IC, Kohlbrenner E, Liang L, Zsebo K, Humbert M, Hulot JS, Kawase Y, Hajjar RJ, Leopold JA (2013) Therapeutic efficacy of AAV1.SERCA2a in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 128(5): 512–523. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001585 [PubMed]
Harper RL, Maiolo S, Ward RJ, Seyfang J, Cockshell MP, Bonder CS, Reynolds PN (2019) BMPR2-expressing bone marrow-derived endothelial-like progenitor cells alleviate pulmonary arterial hypertension in vivo. Respirology: official journal of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology 24(11): 1095–1103. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13552[PubMed]
Hoeper MM, Al-Hiti H, Benza RL, Chang SA, Corris PA, Gibbs JSR, Grünig E, Jansa P, Klinger JR, Langleben D, McLaughlin VV, Meyer GMB, Ota-Arakaki J, Peacock AJ, Pulido T, Rosenkranz S, Dario Vizza C, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, White JR, Chang M, Kleinjung F, Meier C, Paraschin K, Ardeschir Ghofrani H, Simonneau G (2021) Switching to riociguat versus maintenance therapy with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (REPLACE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine 9(6): 573–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30532-4 [PubMed]
Hoeper MM, Ghofrani HA, Grunig E, Klose H, Olschewski H, Rosenkranz S (2017) Pulmonary Hypertension.Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 114(5): 73–84. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2017.0073 [PubMed] [PMC]
Hoeper MM, Huscher D, Ghofrani HA, Delcroix M, Distler O, Schweiger C, Grunig E, Staehler G, Rosenkranz S, Halank M, Held M, Grohe C, Lange TJ, Behr J, Klose H, Wilkens H, Filusch A, Germann M, Ewert R, Seyfarth HJ, Olsson KM, Opitz CF, Gaine SP, Vizza CD, VonkNoordegraaf A, Kaemmerer H, Gibbs JS, Pittrow D (2013) Elderlypatients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from the COMPERA registry. International Journal of Cardiology 168(2): 871–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.10.026 [PubMed]
Hoeper MM, Leuchte H, Halank M, Wilkens H, Meyer FJ, Seyfarth HJ, Wensel R, Ripken F, Bremer H, Kluge S, Hoeffken G, Behr J (2006) Combining inhaled iloprost with bosentan in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The European Respiratory Journal 28(4): 691–694. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00057906[PubMed]
Huang WC, Ke MW, Cheng CC, Chiou SH, Wann SR, Shu CW, Chiou KR, Tseng CJ, Pan HW, Mar GY, Liu CP (2016) Therapeutic benefits of induced pluripotent stem cells in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One 11(2): e0142476. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142476 [PubMed] [PMC]
Humbert M, Guignabert C, Bonnet S, Dorfmuller P, Klinger JR, Nicolls MR, Olschewski AJ, Pullamsetti SS, Schermuly RT, Stenmark KR, Rabinovitch M (2019) Pathology and pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension: state of the art and research perspectives. The European Respiratory Journal 53(1): 1801887. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01887-2018 [PudMed] [PMC]
Humbert M, Segal ES, Kiely DG, Carlsen J, Schwierin B, Hoeper MM (2007) Results of European post-marketing surveillance of bosentan in pulmonary hypertension. The European Respiratory Journal 30(2): 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00138706 [PubMed]
Humbert M, Sitbon O, Chaouat A, Bertocchi M, Habib G, Gressin V, Yaici A, Weitzenblum E, Cordier JF, Chabot F, Dromer C, Pison C, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Haloun A, Laurent M, Hachulla E, Simonneau G (2006) Pulmonary arterial hypertension in France: results from a national registry. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 173(9): 1023–1030. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200510-1668oc [PubMed]
Humbert M, Sitbon O, Chaouat A, Bertocchi M, Habib G, Gressin V, Yaici A, Weitzenblum E, Cordier JF, Chabot F, Dromer C, Pison C, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Haloun A, Laurent M, Hachulla E, Cottin V, Degano B, Jais X, Montani D, Souza R, Simonneau G (2010) Survival in patients with idiopathic, familial, and anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension in the modern management era. Circulation 122(2): 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.109.911818 [PubMed]
Hurtsén AS, Nilsson IZ, Dogan EM, Nilsson KF (2020) A comparative study of inhaled nitric oxide and an intravenously administered nitric oxide donor in acute pulmonary hypertension. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 14: 635–645. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S237477 [PubMed] [PMC]
Janssens SP, Bloch KD, Nong Z, Gerard RD, Zoldhelyi P, Collen D (1996) Adenoviral-mediated transfer of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene reduces acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats The Journal of Clinical Investigation 98: 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci118795 [PMC] [PubMed]
Jentzer JC, Mathier MA (2015) Pulmonary hypertension in the intensive care unit. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 31(6): 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066615583652 [PubMed]
Jeon Y, Нео Y, Kim С, Hyun YL, Lee TG, Ro S, Cho JM (2005) Phosphodiesterase: overview of protein structures, potential therapeutic applications and recent progress in drug development. Cellular and molecular life sciences: CMLS 62(11): 1198–1220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-005-4533-5 [PubMed]
Kallen AJ, Lederman E, Balaji A, Trevino I, Petersen EE, Shoulson R, Saiman L, Horn EM, Gomberg-Maitland M, Barst RJ, Srinivasan A (2008) Bloodstream infections in patients given treatment with intravenous prostanoids. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 29(4): 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1086/529552 [PubMed]
Kang Y, Zhang G, Huang EC, Huang J, Cai J, Cai L, Wang S, Keller BB (2020) Sulforaphane prevents right ventricular injury and reduces pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 318(1): H853–H866. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00321[PubMed]
Katz MG, Fargnoli AS, Gubara SM, Fish K, Weber T, Bridges CR, Hajjar RJ, Ishikawa K (2019) Targeted gene delivery through the respiratory system: Rationale for intratracheal gene transfer. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 6(1): 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd6010008 [PubMed] [PMC]
Kawakami T, Kanazawa H, Satoh T, Ieda M, Ieda Y, Kimura K, Mochizuki H, Shimada T, Yokoyama C, Ogawa S, (2007) AAV-PGIS gene transfer improves hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 363: 656–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.039 [PubMed]
Khan MS, Usman MS, Siddiqi TJ, Khan SU, Murad MH, Mookadam F, Figueredo VM, Krasuski RA, Benza RL, Rich JD (2018) Is anticoagulation beneficial in pulmonary arterial hypertension? Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 11(9): e004757. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004757 [PubMed] [PMC]
Khural JS, Houston BA, Leary PJ, Mathai SC, Kolb TM, Damico R, Hassoun PM, Kass DA, Hsu S, Tedford RJ (2021) Right atrial pacing to improve acute hemodynamics in pulmonary arterial hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 203(4): 508–511. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202006-2278le[PubMed] [PMC]
Kido M, DuL, Sullivan CC, Deutsch R, Jamieson SW, (2005) Thistlethwaite P.A. Gene transfer of a TIE2 receptor antagonist prevents pulmonary hypertension in rodents. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery 129: 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.09.013 [PubMed]
Kim J, Hwangbo C, Hu X, Kang Y, Papangeli I, Mehrotra D, Park H, Ju H, McLean DL, Comhair SA, Erzurum SC, Chun HJ (2015) Restoration of impaired endothelial myocyte enhancer factor 2 function rescues pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 131(2): 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013339[PubMed] [PMC]
Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Diener HC, Heidbuchel H, Hendriks J, Hindricks G, Manolis AS, Oldgren J, Popescu BA, Schotten U, Van Putte B, Vardas P; ESC Scientièc Document Group (2016) 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 50(5): e1–e88. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezw313 [PubMed]
Klinger JR (2016) Group III pulmonary hypertension: pulmonary hypertension associated with lung disease: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatments. Cardiology Clinics 34(3): 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2016.04.003 [PudMed]
Koklin IS, Danilenko LM (2019) Combined use of arginase II inhibitors and tadalafil for the correction of monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension. Research Results in Pharmacology 5(3): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.39522
Korokin M, Zhernakova NI, Korokina L, Pokopejko O (2018) Principles of pharmacological correction of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Research Results in Pharmacology 4(2): 59–76. https://doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.4.27732
Lalu MM, McIntyre L, Pugliese C, Fergusson D, Winston BW, Marshall JC, Granton J, Stewart DJ, Canadian Critical Care Trials G (2012) Safety of cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (SafeCell): a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. PLoS One 7(10): e47559. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047559 [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee CS, Bishop ES, Zhang R, Yu X, Farina EM, Yan S, Zhao C, Zheng Z, Shu Y, Wu X, Lei J, Li Y, Zhang W, Yang C, Wu K, Wu Y, Ho S, Athiviraham A, Lee MJ, Wolf JM, Reid RR, He TC (2017) Adenovirus-mediated gene delivery: Potential applications for gene and cell-based therapies in the new era of personalized medicine. Genes & Diseases 4(2): 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2017.04.001 [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee TI, Young RA (2013) Transcriptional regulation and its misregulation in disease. Cell 152(6): 1237–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.014 [PubMed] [PMC]
Li F, Wang D, Wang H, Chen L, Sun X, Wan Y (2021) Inhibition of HDAC1 alleviates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial remodeling through up-regulation of miR-34a. Respiratory Research 22(1): 239. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01832-7 [PubMed]
Li T, Zha L, Luo H, Li S, Zhao L, He J, Li X, Qi Q, Liu Y, Yu Z (2019) Galectin-3 mediates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary. Arterial Hypertension Aging and Disease 10: 731–745. https://doi.org/10.14336/ad.2018.1001 [PMC] [PubMed]
Li Y, Shi B, Huang L, Wang X, Yu X, Guo B, Ren W (2016) Suppression of the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha by RNA interference alleviates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in adult rats.
International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38: 1786–1794. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2773[PMC] [PubMed]
Liu D, Yan Y, Chen JW, Yuan P, Wang XJ, Jiang R, Wang L, Zhao QH, Wu WH, Simonneau G, Qu JM, Jing ZC (2017) Hypermethylation of BMPR2 promoter occurs in patients with heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension and inhibits BMPR2 expression. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 196(7): 925–928. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201611-2273LE [PubMed]
Liu YY, Qu YY, Wang S, Luo CJ, Qiu HL, Li HT, Yuan P, Wang L, Li JL, Jiang R, Zhang R (2023) Efficacy and safety of riociguat replacing PDE-5is for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14: 1052546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1052546 [PubMed] [PMC]
Loisel F, Provost B, Haddad F, Guihaire J, Amsallem M, Vrtovec B, Fadel E, Uzan G, Mercier O (2018) Stem cell therapy targeting the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension: is it a potential avenue of therapy? Pulmonary Circulation 8(2): 2045893218755979. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045893218755979 [PubMed] [PMC]
Long L, Ormiston ML, Yang X, Southwood M, Graf S, Machado RD, Mueller M, Kinzel B, Yung LM, Wilkinson JM, Moore SD, Drake KM, Aldred MA, Yu PB, Upton PD, Morrell NW (2015) Selective enhancement of endothelial BMPR-II with BMP9 reverses pulmonary arterial hypertension. Nature Medicine 21(7): 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3877 [PubMed] [PMC]
Mammoto A, Hendee K, Muyleart M, Mammoto T (2020) Endothelial Twist1-PDGFB signaling mediates hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration of alphaSMA-positive cells. Scientific Reports 10: 7563 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64298-5 [PMC] [PubMed]
Martynyuk TV, Dadacheva ZH, Paramonov VM, Arkhipova OA, Nakonechnikov SN, Chazova IY (2015) Аpplication of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors sildenafil in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Eurasian Heart Journal 2: 42–49. https://doi.org/10.38109/2225-1685-2015-2-42-49
McDonagh T, Damy T, Doehner W, Lam CSP, Sindone A, van der Meer P, Cohen-Solal A, Kindermann I, Manito N, Pfister O, Pohjantähti-Maaroos H, Taylor J, Comin-Colet J (2018) Screening, diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: putting the 2016 European Society of Cardiology heart failure guidelines into clinical practice. European Journal of Heart Failure 20(12): 1664–1672. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1305 [PubMed] [PMC]
McLaughlin VV, Oudiz RJ, Frost A, Tapson VF, Murali S, Channick RN, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, Hsu HH, Rubin LJ (2006) Randomized study of adding inhaled iloprost to existing bosentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 174(11): 1257–1263. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200603-358OC [PubMed]
Mondéjar-Parreño G, Moral-Sanz J, Barreira B, de la Cruz A, Gonzalez T, Callejo M, Esquivel-Ruiz S, Morales-Cano D, Moreno L, Valenzuela C, Perez-Vizcaino F, Cogolludo A (2019) Activation of Kv7 channels as a novel mechanism for NO/cGMP-induced pulmonary vasodilation. British Journal of Pharmacology 176(13): 2131–2145. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14662 [PMC]
Morecroft I, White K, Caruso P, Nilsen M, Loughlin L, Alba R, Reynolds P N, Danilov S.M, Baker A H, Maclean M R (2012) Gene therapy by targeted adenovirus-mediated knockdown of pulmonary endothelial Tph1 attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Molecular Therapy 20: 1516–1528. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2012.70 [PMC] [PubMed]
Mullershausen F, Russwurm M, Friebe A, Koesling D (2004) Inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 by the activator of nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase BAY 41-2272. Circulation 109(14): 1711–1713. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000126286.47618.bd [PubMed]
Nagendran J, Archer SL, Soliman D, Gurtu V, Moudgil R, Haromy A, St Aubin C, Webster L, Rebeyka IМ, Ross DВ, Light PЕ, Dyck JR, Michelakis ED (2007) Phosphodiesterase type 5 is highly expressed in the hypertrophied human right ventricle, and acute inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 improves contractility. Circulation 116(3): 238–248. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.655266 [PubMed]
Nathan SD, Barbera JA, Gaine SP, Harari S, Martinez FJ, Olschewski H, Olsson KM, Peacock AJ, Pepke-Zaba J, Provencher S, Weissmann N, Seeger W (2019) Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease and hypoxia. The European Respiratory Journal 53(1): 1801914. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01914-2018 [PudMed] [PMC]
Ngian GS, Stevens W, Prior D, Gabbay E, Roddy J, Tran A et al. (2012) Predictors of mortality in connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: a cohort study. Arthritis Research & Therapy 14(5): R213. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4051 [PubMed] [PMC]
Olschewski A, Berghausen EM, Eichstaedt CA, Fleischmann BK, Grunig E, Grunig G, Hansmann G, Harbaum L, Hennigs JK, Jonigk D, Kuebler WM, Kwapiszewska G, Pullamsetti SS, Stacher E, Weissmann N, Wenzel D, Schermuly RT (2018) Pathobiology, pathology and genetics of pulmonary hypertension: Update from the Cologne Consensus Conference 2018. International Journal of Cardiology 272S: 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.09.070 [PudMed]
Olsson KM, Delcroix M, Ghofrani HA, Tiede H, Huscher D, Speich R, Grünig E, Staehler G, Rosenkranz S, Halank M, Held M, Lange TJ, Behr J, Klose H, Claussen M, Ewert R, Opitz CF, Vizza CD, Scelsi L, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Hoeper MM (2014) Anticoagulation and survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from the comparative, prospective registry of newly initiated therapies for pulmonary hypertension (COMPERA). Circulation 129(1): 57–65.https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.113.004526 [PubMed]
Olsson KM, Nickel NP, Tongers J, Hoeper MM (2013) Atrial flutter and fibrillation in patients with pulmonary hypertension. International Journal of Cardiology 167: 2300–2305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.024[PubMed]
Opitz C, Hoeper MM, Gibbs JSR, Kaemmerer H, Pepke-Zaba J, Coghlan JG, Scelsi L, D'Alto M, Olsson KM, Ulrich S, Scholtz W, Schulz U, Grünig E, Vizza CD, Staehler G, Bruch L, Huscher D, Pittrow D, Rosenkranz S (2016) Pre-capillary, combined, and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension: a pathophysiological continuum. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 68(4): 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.047 [PubMed]
Opitz CF, Wensel R, Winkler J, Halank M, Bruch L, Kleber FX, Hoffken G, Anker SD, Negassa A, Felix SB, Hetzer R, Ewert R (2005) Clinical efficacy and survival with first-line inhaled iloprost therapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal 26(18): 1895–1902. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi283[PubMed]
Ostroumova OD, Listratov AI, Kochetkov AI, Bliznyuk SA, Komarova AG, Sychev DA (2022) Drug-induced pulmonary artery hypertension. Good Clinical Practice [Kachestvennaya Klinicheskaya Praktika] 1: 53–63. https://doi.org/10.37489/2588-0519-2022-1-53-63
Panagiotidou E, Boutou A, Pitsiou G (2021) An evaluation of selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 22(1): 29–36 https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1812579 [PubMed]
Partovian C, Adnot S, Raffestin B, Louzier V, Levame M, Mavier I M, Lemarchand P, Eddahibi S (2000) Adenovirus-mediated lung vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression protects against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 23: 762–771. https://doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.23.6.4106 [PubMed]
Pascaud MA, Griscelli F, Raoul W, Marcos E, Opolon P, Raffestin B, Perricaudet M, Adnot S, Eddahibi S (2003) Lung overexpression of angiostatin aggravates pulmonary hypertension in chronically hypoxic mice. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 29: 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2002-0120oc [PubMed]
Pozeg ZI, Michelakis ED, McMurtry MS, Thebaud B, Wu XC, Dyck JR, Hashimoto K, Wang S, Moudgil R, Harry G (2003) In vivo gene transfer of the O2-sensitive potassium channel Kv1.5 reduces pulmonary hypertension and restores hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in chronically hypoxic rats. Circulation 107: 2037–2044. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000062688.76508.b3 [PubMed]
Preston IR, Roberts KE, Miller DP, Sen GP, Selej M, Benton WW, Hill NS, Farber HW (2015) Effect of warfarin treatment on Survival of Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term PAH Disease Management (REVEAL). Circulation 132(25): 2403–2411. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018435 [PubMed] [PMC]
Pulido T, Adzerikho I, Channick RN, Delcroix M, Galiè N, Ghofrani HA, Jansa P, Jing ZC, Brun FOL, Mehta S, Mittelholzer CM, Perchenet L, Sastry BKS, Sitbon O, Souza R, Torbicki A, Zeng X, Rubin LJ, Simonneau G, SERAPHIN Investigators (2013) Macitentan and morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. The New England Journal of Medicine 369(9): 809–818. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1213917 [PubMed]
Raghu G, Nathan SD, Behr J, Brown KK, Egan JJ, Kawut SM, Flaherty KR, Martinez FJ, Wells AU, Shao L, Zhou H, Henig N, Szwarcberg J, Gillies H, Montgomery AB, O'Riordan TG (2015) Pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with mild to moderate restriction. European Respiratory Review 46(5): 1370–1377. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0044-2019 [PudMed] [PMC]
Rajdev A, Garan H, Biviano A (2012) Arrhythmias in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 55(2): 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2012.06.002 [PubMed] [PMC]
Reynolds AM, Xia W, Holmes MD, Hodge SJ, Danilov S, Curiel DT, Morrell NW, Reynolds PN (2007) Bone morphogenetic protein type 2 receptor gene therapy attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 292(5): L1182–1192. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00020.2006 [PubMed]
Reynolds PN (2011) Gene therapy for pulmonary hypertension: prospects and challenges. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 11(2): 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2011.542139 [PubMed]
Roldan T, Rios JJ, Villamanan E, Waxman AB (2017) Complications associated with the use of oral anticoagulation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension from two referral centers. Pulmonary Circulation 7(3): 692–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045893217721903 [PubMed] [PMC]
Rosenkranz S, Gibbs JS, Wachter R, De Marco T, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Vachiery JL (2016) Left ventricular heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. European Heart Journal 37(12): 942–954. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv512 [PudMed] [PMC]
Rosenkranz S, Lang IM, Blindt R, Bonderman D, Bruch L, Diller GP, Felgendreher R, Gerges C, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Holt S, Jung C, Kindermann I, Kramer T, Kubler WM, Mitrovic V, Riedel A, Rieth A, Schmeisser A, Wachter R, Weil J, Opitz CF (2018) Pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease: Updated Recommendations of the Cologne Consensus Conference 2018. International Journal of Cardiology 272S: 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.08.080 [PubMed]
Ruan H, Zhang Y, Liu R, Yang X (2019) The acute effects of 30 mg vs 60 mg of intravenous Fasudil on patients with congenital heart defects and severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Congenit Heart Disaese 14(4): 645–650. https://doi.org/10.1111/chd.12764 [PubMed]
Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Fleming TR, Galiè N, Simonneau G, Ghofrani HA, Oakes M, Layton G, Serdarevic-Pehar M, McLaughlin MV, Barst RJ (2011) Long-term treatment with sildenafil citrate in pulmonary arterial hypertension: the SUPER-2 study. Chest 140(5): 1274–1283. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-0969 [PubMed]
Said K (2014) Anticoagulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Contemporary data from COMPERA registry. Global Cardiology Science & Practice 2: 48–52. https://doi.org/10.5339/gcsp.2014.25 [PubMed] [PMC]
Sakao S, Tatsumi K, Voelkel NF (2009) Endothelial cells and pulmonary arterial hypertension: apoptosis, proliferation, interaction and transdifferentiation. Respiratory Research 10(1): 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-10-95 [PubMed] [PMC]
Sausbier M, Schubert R, Voigt V, Hirneiss C, Pfeifer A, Korth M, Kleppisch T, Ruth P, Hofmann F (2000). Mechanisms of NO/cGMP-dependent vasorelaxation. Circulation Research 87(9): 825 – 830. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.87.9.825
Savai R, Al-Tamari HM, Sedding D, Kojonazarov B, Muecke C, Teske R, Capecchi MR, Weissmann N, Grimminger F, Seeger W (2014) Pro-proliferative and inflammatory signaling converge on FoxO1 transcription factor in pulmonary hypertension. Nature Medicine 20: 1289–1300. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3695 [PubMed]
Schermuly RT, Janssen W, Weissmann N, Stasch JP, Grimminger F, Ghofrani HA (2011) Riociguat for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 20(4): 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2011.565048 [PubMed]
Seto E, Yoshida M (2014) Erasers of histone acetylation: the histone deacetylase enzymes. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 6(4): a018713. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a018713 [PubMed] [PMC]
Shcheblykin DV, Bolgov AA, Pokrovskii MV, Stepenko JV, Tsuverkalova JM, Shcheblykina OV, Golubinskaya PA, Korokina LV (2022) Endothelial dysfunction: developmental mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Research Results in Pharmacology 8(4): 115–139. https://doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.80376
Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, Denton CP, Gatzoulis MA, Krowka M, Williams PG, Souza R (2019) Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. The European Respiratory Journal 53(1): 1801913. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01913-2018 [PudMed] [PMC]
Simonneau G, Torbicki A, Dorfmuller P, Kim N (2017) The pathophysiology of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension European Respiratory Review 26(143): 160112. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0112-2016 [PudMed] [PMC]
Sitbon O, Delcroix M, Bergot E, Boonstra A, Escribano, Subias P, Galie N, Pfister T, Lemarie JC, Simonneau G (2014) EPITOME‐2, An open‐label study evaluating a new formulation of intravenous epoprostenol in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. American Heart Journal 167(2): 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.08.007[PubMed]
Sitbon O, Vonk Noordegraaf A (2017) Epoprostenol and pulmonary arterial hypertension: 20 years of clinical experience. European Respiratory Review 26(143): 160055. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0055-2016 [PubMed] [PMC]
Soldatov VO, Malorodova, TN, Balamutova TI, Ksenofontov AO, Dovgan AP, Urozhevskaya ZS (2018). Endothelial dysfunction: comparative evaluation of ultrasound dopplerography, laser dopplerflowmetry and direct monitoring of arterial pressure for conducting pharmacological tests in rats. Research Results in Pharmacology 4(1): 73–80. https://doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.4.25529
Sonnweber T, Nairz M, Theurl I, Petzer V, Tymoszuk P, Haschka D, Rieger E, Kaessmann B, Deri M, Watzinger K, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, Tancevski I, Weiss G, Löffler-Ragg J (2018) The crucial impact of iron deficiency definition for the course of precapillary pulmonary hypertension. PloS One 13(8): e0203396. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203396 [PubMed] [PMC]
Spiekerkoetter E, Sung YK, Sudheendra D, Bill M, Aldred MA, van de Veerdonk MC, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Long-Boyle J, Dash R, Yang PC, Lawrie A, Swift AJ, Rabinovitch M, Zamanian RT (2015) Low-Dose FK506 (Tacrolimus) in End-Stage Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 192(2): 254–257. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201411-2061LE [PubMed] [PMC]
Spiekerkoetter E, Tian X, Cai J, Hopper RK, Sudheendra D, Li CG, El-Bizri N, Sawada H, Haghighat R, Chan R, Haghighat L, de Jesus Perez V, Wang L, Reddy S, Zhao M, Bernstein D, Solow-Cordero DE, Beachy PA, Wandless TJ, Ten Dijke P, Rabinovitch M (2013) FK506 activates BMPR2, rescues endothelial dysfunction, and reverses pulmonary hypertension. Journal of Clinical Investigation 123(8): 3600–3613. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI65592[PubMed] [PMC]
Stickel S, Gin-Sing W, Wagenaar M, Gibbs JSR (2019) The practical management of fluid retention in adults with right heart failure due to pulmonary arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal Supplements 21(Suppl K): K46–K53. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suz207 [PubMed] [PMC]
Strauss B, Sassi Y, Bueno-Beti C, Ilkan Z, Raad N, Cacheux M, Bisserier M, Turnbu
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Research Results in Pharmacology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Русский
English
