Stress, neurotransmitters, and the microbiota–gut–brain axis: mechanisms of mucosal injury
Авторы
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Khaled A. Abdel-Sater
Mutah University, Jordan
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9357-4983
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18413/rrpharmacology.11.587Аннотация
Introduction: Stress-induced mucosal damage is increasingly understood to be mediated by the gut-brain axis, where neurotransmitters serve as essential signaling molecules. This review explores the interplay between gut microbiota and the stress response, highlighting how neurotransmitters mediate the effects of stress on gut health and mucosal integrity. Understanding these mechanisms may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting the gut-brain axis.
Methods: A literature search was completed using PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Embase databases for clinical and preclinical studies related to stress ulcer, gut microbiota and gut brain axis published in English until 2024.
Results: The gut microbiota has a role in maintaining gastrointestinal health and influencing the body’s stress response through various pathways, including the enteric and autonomic nervous systems. It produces microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan, and bile acids, which enter the bloodstream and reach the brain. Microbial neurotransmitters modify the brain's gut axis. Norepinephrine, released as an adrenal hormone and neurotransmitter, plays a role in cognition and attention regulation. Dopamine regulates immune responses, motivation, memory, mood and attention. Serotonin, synthesized in the digestive tract, indirectly impacts brain function. Glutamate, a key neurotransmitter, is synthesized in the brain, while acetate and γ-aminobutyric acid regulate blood pressure and heart rate. Cortisol, acetylcholine, neuropeptide Y, and cholecystokinin influence gut function and emotional regulation. Disturbances to gut microbiota can lead to maladaptive mood and behavior.
Conclusion: The connection between stress ulcer, neurotransmitters, and the gut microbiota was outlined in this review.
Графическая аннотация
Ключевые слова:
stress ulcer, microbiota-gut-brain axis, neurotransmitters, SCFAs, glutamate, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, CCKБиблиографические ссылки
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