Система эндогенных нейростероидов и ее роль в патогенезе и терапии психических расстройств
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18413/rrpharmacology.9.10015Аннотация
Введение. Несмотря на то, что нейростероиды были открыты сравнительно недавно, очевидна их значимая роль в нейрохимических процессах и патогенезе ряда психиатрических и неврологических расстройств. Прежде всего, представляется важным уточнить определение эндогенных нейростероидов как класса стероидов, учитывая вариативность подходов к их описанию. В настоящее время к нейростероидам относят эндогенные стероиды, синтезируемые в центральной нервной системе, гонадах или надпочечниках и взаимодействующие с ГАМК, NMDA и сигма-1 рецепторами.
Биосинтез нейростероидов. Биосинтез нейростероидов начинается со скорость-лимитирующей реакции связывания TSPO с холестерином и транспортировки его в митохондрию, где под действием цитохрома P450scc (CYP11A1) синтезируется прегненолон.
Взаимодействие с ГАМКА, NMDA и сигма-1 рецепторами. Согласно экспериментальным данным, нейростероиды действуют как наиболее мощные эндогенные аллостерические модуляторы рецептора ГАМК, некоторые нейростероиды (ALLO, DHEA и др.) могут оказывать быстрое анксиолитическое и противосудорожное действие. Имеются некоторые экспериментальные данные об антипсихотических эффектах некоторых нейростероидов, реализуемых через NMDA-рецепторы: интрацеребральное введение ALLO лабораторным животным может предотвратить дальнейшее появление моторного возбуждения и других эквивалентов психоза после введения высоких доз амфетаминов. Также в нескольких исследованиях на животных моделях было доказано, что нейростероиды оказывают анксиолитическое действие через сигма-1 рецепторы.
Заключение. В статье описан процесс нейростероидогенеза и влияния нейростероидов на перечисленные рецепторы в соответствии с уже имеющимися научными данными. Кроме того, в статье описана специфическая роль различных нейростероидов в развитии психических заболеваний, включая тревожные расстройства, депрессию и шизофрению.
Графическая аннотация
Графическая аннотация
Ключевые слова:
аллопрегнанолон, ГАМКА-рецепторы, DHEA, NMDA-рецепторы, прегненолон, сигма-1 рецепторы, стероидогенез, TSPOБиблиографические ссылки
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